术语表
区块链术语的通俗英文解释 —— 从 Airdrop 到 ZK-Rollup。条目为英文，适合开发者和技术读者。
5
A
An Ethereum standard enabling smart-contract wallets with gasless transactions, social recovery, and multi-sig security without changing the protocol.
A scam where attackers send fake transactions from addresses that look almost identical to a victim's frequent contacts, tricking them into sending funds to the wrong address.
The distribution of free cryptocurrency tokens to wallet addresses, used to bootstrap adoption, reward early users, or decentralize governance.
A stablecoin that maintains its peg through algorithmic mint/burn and incentive mechanics rather than fiat or crypto collateral.
A protocol that prices assets algorithmically using a liquidity pool, replacing traditional order books.
The yearly interest rate earned or paid on crypto assets, expressed as a simple (non-compounding) percentage.
The effective annual rate of return on an investment, accounting for compounding interest.
The practice of profiting from price differences of the same asset across different markets or exchanges, a core mechanic in crypto trading and MEV.
B
The protocol-determined minimum gas price on Ethereum post-EIP-1559, which automatically adjusts based on network demand and is permanently burned.
An attack that hijacks internet routing (BGP) to intercept, isolate, or censor blockchain node traffic at the network layer.
A list of blockchain addresses flagged as malicious, fraudulent, or sanctioned, used by exchanges, wallets, and compliance tools to block transactions.
A new data storage type on Ethereum introduced by EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding) that provides cheaper storage for Layer 2 rollup data.
A new Ethereum transaction type that carries large 'blob' data payloads for rollups, slashing L2 data costs by routing them out of the expensive call-data gas market.
A container holding a batch of verified transactions, linked to previous blocks to form a chain.
A specialized entity in Ethereum's PBS system that constructs optimized blocks from MEV searcher bundles and competes to have their block selected by validators.
The number of blocks added to a chain after your transaction's block, reducing the probability of reversal.
A web-based search engine for blockchain data, allowing anyone to look up transactions, addresses, blocks, and smart contract interactions.
A mathematical curve that defines the relationship between a token's price and its supply, enabling continuous minting and burning.
A cryptocurrency wallet whose private key is derived from a memorized passphrase. Convenient but catastrophically insecure against brute-force attacks.
A protocol that enables assets and data to move between different blockchain networks.
A reward program that pays security researchers for finding and responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities in smart contracts, protocols, or platforms.
An ERC-4337 participant that collects UserOperations, validates them, and packages them into a single on-chain transaction for execution.
A cryptographic address with no known private key, used to permanently destroy cryptocurrency tokens by making them unspendable.
A property of distributed systems that can continue operating correctly even when up to one-third of participants act maliciously or fail arbitrarily.
C
A digital form of sovereign currency issued and controlled directly by a central bank.
A modular blockchain built specifically for data availability, enabling rollups to publish data cheaply without running their own consensus.
A blockchain's ability to process any valid transaction regardless of who sends it, with no party able to block or freeze it.
A cryptocurrency trading platform operated by a central entity that holds custody of user funds, such as Binance, Coinbase, or Kraken.
The number of tokens currently in public circulation and available for trading, excluding locked, reserved, or burned tokens.
A lockup period at the start of a vesting schedule during which no tokens are released, ensuring long-term commitment from team and investors.
Malware that monitors the clipboard for cryptocurrency addresses and silently replaces them with the attacker's address, redirecting transfers.
A cryptocurrency wallet that is not connected to the internet, providing maximum security for long-term storage of digital assets.
The percentage of an asset's value a lending protocol lets you borrow against — for example, 75% means $100 of collateral backs up to $75 of borrowing.
The algorithm that enables distributed nodes in a blockchain network to agree on the state of the ledger without trusting each other.
A systematic security review of smart contract source code that combines automated analysis tools with expert manual review to identify vulnerabilities before deployment.
A feature that automatically replicates another trader's positions in your account, popular on both CEXs and DEXs for following successful or 'smart money' wallets.
A protocol that transfers assets and messages between independent blockchains, typically by locking assets on one chain and minting representations on another.
A cryptocurrency wallet where a third-party service holds and manages the user's private keys, similar to a traditional bank account.
D
Ethereum's full scalability roadmap that uses data availability sampling to enable 100,000+ transactions per second via L2 rollups.
The guarantee that transaction data published by a rollup or block producer is actually accessible to all network participants for verification.
A Distributed Denial of Service attack that overwhelms a blockchain network, exchange, or dApp with excessive transactions or requests, causing slowdowns or outages.
An application whose backend runs on a decentralized blockchain network instead of centralized servers.
A member-owned organization governed by smart contracts and token-based voting, without centralized leadership.
Financial services built on blockchain smart contracts that operate without intermediaries, including lending, borrowing, trading, and yield generation.
A cryptocurrency whose supply decreases over time through burn mechanisms, reducing the total number of tokens in circulation.
When a stablecoin or pegged asset loses its target price (e.g., a 'dollar stablecoin' trading below $1), signaling a loss of market confidence.
A peer-to-peer marketplace for trading cryptocurrencies without intermediaries, using smart contracts instead of order books.
The protocol mechanism that automatically recalibrates how hard it is to mine a new block, keeping block production rate stable.
A privacy attack where tiny amounts of cryptocurrency are sent to many wallet addresses to trace transactions and de-anonymize users.
E
A network-level attack where a victim node is surrounded by attacker-controlled peers so it sees a fake, isolated view of the blockchain.
The leading Ethereum restaking protocol that lets staked ETH be reused to secure additional services (AVSs) for extra yield and extra risk.
An Ethereum improvement proposal that reformed gas fee pricing by introducing a base fee that is burned, making ETH potentially deflationary.
An Ethereum upgrade introducing 'blob' data storage for L2 rollups, reducing transaction costs by 10-100x.
An Ethereum account controlled by a private key (a user's wallet), as opposed to a smart contract account controlled by code.
A unit of time in Ethereum's Proof of Stake system consisting of 32 slots (6.4 minutes), used for validator committee assignments and finality checkpoints.
A smart contract concept in the Web3 and blockchain ecosystem.
The standard for fungible tokens on Ethereum — defines the interface every interchangeable token must implement.
An Ethereum standard implementing account abstraction via a separate transaction layer, enabling smart-contract wallets with gasless txs, batching, and social recovery.
The Ethereum token standard for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), where each token is unique and non-interchangeable.
Immutable records stored on the blockchain by smart contracts, providing auditable logs of on-chain activities and data for off-chain indexing.
The runtime environment that executes smart contract code on Ethereum and all EVM-compatible blockchains.
A fraud where project operators abruptly shut down and disappear with user funds after building trust over weeks or months.
F
A counterfeit cryptocurrency designed to impersonate a legitimate token, often airdropped to wallets or listed on DEXs to trick users into trading or interacting with it.
The theoretical total market cap if every token that will ever exist was in circulation at the current price.
The point at which a blockchain transaction becomes irreversible, guaranteeing it will not be reversed or altered by future blocks.
A Bitcoin double-spend where a miner pre-mines a block paying themselves, then tricks a merchant before broadcasting it.
A sudden, severe price drop in an asset that occurs within minutes, often followed by a partial recovery.
An uncollateralized loan that must be borrowed and repaid within a single blockchain transaction.
An exploit using uncollateralized flash loans to manipulate prices, drain liquidity, or exploit oracle vulnerabilities.
A research and development organization that created a private transaction relay system to reduce MEV's negative impact on Ethereum users.
The lowest listing price for any item in an NFT collection, used as the primary market valuation metric.
A change to a blockchain's protocol rules that creates a divergence in the network, either resulting in two separate chains or a unified upgrade.
A cryptographic guarantee used in optimistic rollups where anyone can challenge an invalid state transition by submitting evidence of fraud.
The practice of exploiting advance knowledge of pending transactions to profit from the price impact.
G
The cost of executing a transaction on a blockchain, paid to validators or miners.
The maximum amount of gas units a user is willing to spend on a single transaction, acting as a safety cap against runaway computation costs.
Techniques and best practices for reducing the computational cost of smart contract operations on Ethereum and other EVM chains.
A situation where users compete for limited block space by bidding increasingly higher gas prices, often during popular NFT mints or token launches.
The most widely used smart contract multisig wallet in Ethereum, now rebranded as Safe, requiring multiple signatures to authorize transactions.
A cryptocurrency that grants holders voting rights in a protocol's governance, allowing them to propose and vote on changes.
H
A physical device that securely stores private keys offline, protecting crypto assets from digital theft.
A fixed-length digital fingerprint produced by a one-way mathematical function, fundamental to blockchain security and integrity.
A measure of computational power securing a Proof-of-Work blockchain, typically expressed in trillions of hashes per second (TH/s).
A malicious smart contract designed to look profitable but traps users' funds by blocking sales or withdrawals.
A cryptocurrency wallet connected to the internet, offering convenience for frequent transactions at the cost of reduced security.
I
A fundraising method where a project sells new cryptocurrency tokens to early investors, similar to an IPO but largely unregulated in its early years.
A token sale conducted on a decentralized exchange, allowing projects to raise funds and distribute tokens without a centralized intermediary.
The temporary loss liquidity providers face when token prices diverge from their deposit ratio.
A cryptocurrency whose supply increases over time through block rewards, staking, or other emission mechanisms.
A paradigm where users express what they want ('intents') rather than how to execute, letting solvers compete to find the best path.
The algorithmic function a lending protocol uses to set borrow and supply rates based on how much of the pool's liquidity is currently borrowed.
K
L
A platform that curates, hosts, and facilitates token sales for new crypto projects, providing vetting and distribution infrastructure.
A base-layer blockchain that settles transactions and provides security, serving as the foundation for applications and Layer 2 networks.
A scaling solution built on top of a Layer 1 blockchain that processes transactions off-chain while inheriting the base layer's security.
An omnichain interoperability protocol enabling cross-chain messaging and token transfers, compromised in the $292M Kelp DAO exploit via a forged message.
A DeFi platform where users can lend crypto to earn interest or borrow against crypto collateral.
A lightweight blockchain node that verifies only block headers and specific transactions, enabling wallets and mobile apps to interact without downloading the full chain.
Staking ETH through a protocol that issues a liquid token (LST) representing your staked position, enabling DeFi use without unbonding.
The forced sale of collateral when a borrower's loan position falls below the required collateralization ratio.
A DeFi incentive program that distributes protocol tokens to users who supply liquidity or use a protocol, rewarding early participation.
A smart contract holding token reserves that enables decentralized trading without an order book.
A user who deposits tokens into a liquidity pool in exchange for trading fees and LP tokens.
M
The production blockchain network where transactions involve real economic value, as opposed to a testnet where tokens have no value.
The total dollar value of a cryptocurrency's circulating supply, calculated as current price multiplied by circulating supply.
The maximum number of tokens that will ever exist for a given cryptocurrency, set by protocol rules and enforceable only through consensus.
The maximum value that can be extracted by reordering, including, or excluding transactions inside a block — originally called Miner Extractable Value.
The profit extractable by reordering, including, or excluding transactions within a block.
The pending transaction pool on a blockchain where submitted transactions wait to be included in a block by validators or miners.
A hierarchical data structure that efficiently organizes and verifies large sets of transactions using cryptographic hashes.
The JSON-structured data that describes an NFT's attributes, image, name, and traits, typically stored off-chain and referenced by the token's on-chain tokenURI.
Automated software that monitors the blockchain mempool for profitable trading opportunities, executing arbitrage, liquidation, and sandwich attacks within milliseconds.
The process of using computational power to validate transactions and create new blocks on a Proof-of-Work blockchain.
The power to create new tokens from a smart contract. If misused or centralized, it allows the token creator to dilute holders or crash the price.
The process of creating a new NFT or token and registering it on a blockchain.
A service or protocol that blends cryptocurrency from multiple users to obscure the transaction trail between sender and recipient.
A blockchain architecture that separates core functions—execution, consensus, settlement, and data availability—into specialized, interchangeable layers.
A wallet requiring multiple signatures from different key holders to authorize a transaction, adding security through distributed approval.
N
The minimum number of independent entities that would need to collude to attack a blockchain network, measuring its decentralization.
A unique digital asset whose ownership and authenticity are verified on a blockchain.
A set of unique digital assets (NFTs) sharing a common theme, art style, and smart contract, typically ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 items.
A computer running blockchain client software that participates in the network by validating, storing, and propagating transactions and blocks.
A cryptocurrency wallet where the user holds and controls their own private keys, maintaining full ownership of their assets.
A sequential number assigned to each transaction from an Ethereum account, ensuring transactions execute in order and preventing replay.
O
A Layer 2 scaling solution that assumes transactions are valid and uses fraud proofs to challenge invalid batches.
A service that delivers off-chain real-world data (prices, weather, sports results) to on-chain smart contracts.
The deliberate manipulation of price feeds to exploit DeFi protocols that depend on external data.
The practice of pledging collateral worth more than the borrowed amount, required by DeFi lending protocols to secure loans.
P
An Account Abstraction component that sponsors gas fees for smart accounts, enabling gasless transactions and flexible payment models.
A transaction that has been broadcast to the network but not yet included in a block, typically waiting in the mempool for confirmation.
An attack where scammers trick users into signing off-chain EIP-2612 permit messages that grant token spend approvals without an on-chain transaction, draining wallets instantly.
Permit2 is a universal approval router developed by Uniswap Labs that extends ERC-2612 permit functionality to any token with advanced security features.
NFT collections designed primarily for use as social media profile pictures, characterized by generative trait combinations, rarity rankings, and strong community identity.
Social engineering attacks that trick crypto users into signing malicious transactions, approving token spend, or revealing seed phrases—resulting in theft of wallet assets.
A family of Layer 2 scaling designs that use Merkle trees and fraud proofs to secure off-chain computation, proposed by Joseph Poon and Vitalik Buterin in 2017 and largely superseded by rollups.
The percentage change in an asset's market price caused by a single trade's size relative to the available liquidity in an automated market maker pool.
An optional user-set tip paid to validators to prioritize transaction inclusion, layered on top of EIP-1559's protocol-set base fee.
A secret cryptographic number that proves ownership of cryptocurrency assets and authorizes transactions.
A cryptographic audit proving that a custodian holds the assets it claims, without revealing sensitive user data.
A consensus mechanism where validators are chosen to produce blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they have staked.
A consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles to validate blocks, securing the network through computational energy.
A smart contract architecture enabling upgradeability by separating logic and state through delegate calls between proxy and implementation contracts.
A market manipulation scheme where organizers artificially inflate a token's price through coordinated buying and hype, then sell their holdings at the peak, leaving other investors with worthless assets.
R
Physical or traditional financial assets tokenized on a blockchain, bringing off-chain value (real estate, treasuries, commodities) on-chain.
A smart contract exploit where an attacker recursively calls a vulnerable function to drain funds before the contract updates its state.
An entity or service that forwards transactions or messages between different blockchain networks or from users to block builders, enabling cross-chain communication.
A blockchain event where previously confirmed blocks are replaced by alternative blocks, potentially reversing transactions that users believed were final.
An attack where a valid signed transaction from one chain is fraudulently re-broadcast and executed on another chain.
The share of interest paid by borrowers that a lending protocol redirects to its own reserve treasury rather than to suppliers.
Restaking ETH to secure additional protocols beyond Ethereum consensus, earning extra rewards but taking on additional slashing risk.
A Layer 2 scaling solution that executes transactions off-chain and posts compressed transaction data to a Layer 1 for security and settlement.
A percentage of secondary sale proceeds paid to the original NFT creator on every resale.
Remote Procedure Call — the communication protocol that allows dApps and wallets to read from and write to a blockchain.
A crypto exit scam where project developers drain liquidity or abandon a project after attracting investor funds.
S
Government-imposed restrictions that prohibit transactions with specific individuals, entities, or addresses, enforced by agencies like OFAC.
An MEV exploit where a bot front-runs and back-runs your transaction to profit from the price impact.
An automated bot or operator that monitors the blockchain for MEV opportunities and submits optimized transaction bundles to block builders.
A human-readable list of 12-24 words that generates and recovers all private keys in a cryptocurrency wallet.
The practice of holding and managing your own cryptocurrency private keys directly, without relying on a third party like an exchange or bank.
The node or service responsible for ordering transactions, executing them, and publishing state updates in a Layer 2 rollup.
A scaling technique that splits a blockchain's state and transaction processing across multiple parallel segments called shards.
An independent blockchain that runs parallel to a main chain, connected via a two-way bridge for asset transfers.
Reusing a valid cryptographic signature more than once — or on a different chain — because a smart contract failed to mark it as consumed.
The punishment mechanism in proof-of-stake where validators lose staked funds for proven misbehavior or attacks.
The difference between the expected price of a trade and the actual executed price.
A fixed 12-second time interval in Ethereum's Proof of Stake system during which one validator is chosen to propose a block.
Self-executing code deployed on a blockchain that automatically enforces agreements when conditions are met.
An off-chain voting platform used by DAOs to conduct gasless governance votes, and the process of recording on-chain state at a specific block height.
Manipulating people into revealing secrets or performing actions that compromise security — now the leading attack vector in Web3, responsible for billions in losses.
A wallet recovery method where trusted contacts (guardians) co-sign to restore access, eliminating the need for seed phrases.
The primary programming language for writing smart contracts on Ethereum and EVM-compatible blockchains.
A non-transferable token that represents identity, credentials, or commitments within a Web3 ecosystem.
A cryptocurrency pegged to a stable asset (usually the US dollar), combining blockchain benefits with price stability.
The assets backing a stablecoin's value, held by the issuer as collateral to guarantee redemption at the pegged price.
Locking cryptocurrency to secure a proof-of-stake network and earn rewards in return.
A service that combines many users' stake into a single validator set, letting small holders participate in proof-of-stake rewards without the minimum 32 ETH.
A ZK-rollup for Ethereum by StarkWare that uses the Cairo programming language for high-throughput computation.
A two-party off-chain payment channel that enables instant, gasless transactions settled on-chain only at open and close.
An attack where a dependency, package, or tool in a software supply chain is compromised to distribute malware to downstream users — a growing threat in Web3.
Creating multiple fake identities to manipulate a system, common in airdrop farming, governance, and network consensus.
T
A replica of a blockchain network used by developers for testing smart contracts, protocol upgrades, and application functionality without risking real funds.
A Bitcoin attack where false node timestamps skew a victim's network-adjusted time to slow or speed up difficulty adjustment.
A smart contract mechanism that delays the execution of privileged operations, giving users time to react before changes take effect.
A distribution method where projects send free tokens to wallet addresses, typically to bootstrap adoption, reward early users, or decentralize token ownership.
The distribution plan for a project's total token supply across team, investors, community, and treasury.
The permanent removal of tokens from circulation, reducing total supply to increase scarcity and potentially support price.
The moment a cryptocurrency token is officially created and distributed, marking the start of vesting schedules and secondary market trading.
A schedule that gradually releases locked tokens to team members and investors over time, preventing immediate selling.
The process of representing real-world or digital assets as blockchain tokens, enabling fractional ownership and programmable transfer.
The economic design of a cryptocurrency token — its supply, distribution, utility, and incentive mechanisms.
A decentralized crypto mixer protocol that breaks the link between sender and recipient addresses, sanctioned by OFAC in 2022 for facilitating money laundering.
The total amount of assets deposited in a DeFi protocol, the key metric for measuring adoption.
A cryptographically signed instruction submitted to a blockchain to transfer value, interact with smart contracts, or deploy code.
A property that lets a transaction's signature/hash be altered before confirmation, changing its ID without invalidating it.
A pricing method that averages an asset's price over a specified time period, used to reduce slippage in large trades and resist oracle manipulation.
U
A smart contract whose logic can be modified after deployment using a proxy pattern, allowing bug fixes and feature updates — but also creating centralization risk.
The fundamental accounting model used by Bitcoin where each transaction consumes previous outputs and creates new ones, rather than using account balances.
V
A network participant in proof-of-stake blockchains who proposes and attests blocks in exchange for rewards.
A cryptographic proof that validates every state transition in a ZK-rollup, ensuring only correct transactions are accepted without relying on challenge windows.
A custom wallet address containing specific characters or patterns (e.g., starting with specific prefixes), generated by trying millions of key pairs.
A mechanism that gradually releases tokens to team members and early investors over time, preventing immediate sell-offs and aligning long-term incentives.
A vote-escrowed token model where users lock tokens for a period to gain voting power and yield boosts, pioneered by Curve Finance.
W
A software program or physical device that stores cryptocurrency private keys and enables users to send, receive, and manage digital assets.
An open protocol connecting wallets to DApps through a secure pairing process, widely used but exploited by phishing drainers.
Malicious software embedded in fake dApp websites that tricks users into signing transactions that drain all tokens and NFTs from their wallet.
A market manipulation technique where a trader simultaneously buys and sells the same asset to create fake trading volume and mislead other investors about demand.
The vision of a decentralized internet built on blockchain, where users own their data, identity, and assets.
The smallest unit of Ether (ETH), where 10^18 wei equals 1 ETH. Gwei is the most commonly used subdivision for gas pricing.
An individual or entity that holds a large enough amount of a cryptocurrency to potentially influence market prices through their trading activity.
An ERC-20 token representing Bitcoin on Ethereum, backed 1:1 by BTC held by a centralized custodian under a merchant-custodian model.
An ERC-20 token representing native ETH 1:1, enabling ETH to interact with smart contracts and DeFi protocols that require the ERC-20 standard.
A tokenized version of a cryptocurrency on a different blockchain, backed 1:1 by the original asset held in reserve.
X
Y
Z
A cryptographic method to prove you know something without revealing the actual information.
A Layer 2 scaling solution that uses zero-knowledge proofs to verify transaction batches with mathematical certainty.
A cryptographic proof system that allows one party to prove knowledge of information without revealing it, with Succinct, Non-interactive, verifiable proofs.
A zero-knowledge rollup for Ethereum by Matter Labs, offering high-throughput, low-cost transactions with EVM compatibility.