Articles
Guides, tutorials, and on-chain analysis.
Crypto Recovery Scams Explained: How Fake Recovery Services Target Scam Victims
Lost crypto to a scam? Recovery scammers are watching. Learn how fake 'fund recovery' services target victims and the red flags that expose them.
Jul 24, 2026Arbitrum Token Safety: How to Avoid Scams on Arbitrum
Arbitrum's low fees and growing DeFi ecosystem attract scammers. Learn the specific risks of buying tokens on Arbitrum and the exact steps to verify any token before you invest.
Jul 23, 2026Solana Token Safety: How to Avoid Scams on Solana
Solana's low fees and memecoin culture attract scammers. Learn the specific risks of buying SPL tokens on Solana and the exact steps to verify any token before you invest.
Jul 22, 2026Base Chain Token Safety: How to Avoid Scams on Coinbase's Layer 2
Base's low fees attract developers and scammers alike. Learn the specific risks of buying tokens on Base L2 and the exact steps to verify any token before you invest.
Jul 21, 2026How to Check if Liquidity Is Locked: A Step-by-Step Guide for Token Buyers
Unlocked liquidity means developers can pull all funds at any time. Learn how to verify liquidity locks, read lock contracts, and avoid rug pulls before you buy.
Jul 20, 2026Crypto Dusting Attacks Explained: How Tiny Transactions Expose Your Identity
Dusting attacks send tiny amounts of crypto to thousands of wallets to trace transactions and de-anonymize users. Learn how they work and how to protect yourself.
Jul 19, 2026Blind Signing Explained: The Hidden Risk in Every Hardware Wallet Transaction
Blind signing lets hardware wallets approve complex smart contract interactions without showing what they do. It's the reason users lose millions after confirming transactions they couldn't read. Learn what blind signing is, why wallets force you to use it, and how to protect yourself.
Jul 19, 2026ETH sign Phishing Explained: The Deprecated Method Still Draining Wallets
eth_sign is the most dangerous signing method in Ethereum — it can sign raw transactions that drain your entire wallet. Despite being deprecated by most wallets, scammers still weaponize it. Learn how eth_sign phishing works, why it's different from personal_sign, and how to know if your wallet is vulnerable.
Jul 19, 2026How to Prevent Wallet Drainer Attacks: A Complete Defense Framework
Knowing how to spot a wallet drainer isn't enough — you need active defenses that stop attacks before they happen. From wallet segregation to approval hygiene to real-time monitoring, learn the full stack of preventive measures that keep your assets safe.
Jul 19, 2026Infinite Approval Explained: Why Unlimited Token Approvals Are a Ticking Time Bomb
Every time you approve a token swap, you may be granting unlimited spending permission to a smart contract. Infinite approvals are the silent vulnerability in most DeFi wallets. Learn why unlimited approvals exist, how attackers exploit them, and how to audit and revoke dangerous approvals.
Jul 19, 2026Permit2 Exploit Explained: How One Signature Drained $68 Million in WBTC
Uniswap's Permit2 contract lets you approve tokens with a single signature — but scammers weaponize it to drain entire wallets. Learn how the Permit2 universal approval works, why it's more dangerous than standard ERC-20 approvals, and how to protect yourself.
Jul 19, 2026Crypto Signature Scams: How One Signature Can Drain Your Wallet
Crypto signature scams trick users into signing malicious messages that look harmless. From fake verification prompts to disguised permit signatures, learn every variant of signature-based attacks and how to verify what you're actually signing.
Jul 19, 2026Wash Trading Detection: How to Spot Fake Volume on DEXs and NFT Markets
Wash trading inflates up to 80% of volume on some crypto platforms. Learn how to detect fake trading volume using on-chain analysis — wallet pair analysis, volume-to-liquidity ratios, and time-pattern detection.
Jul 18, 2026Crypto Airdrop Scams Explained: How to Spot and Avoid Fake Airdrops
Airdrop scams have stolen over $100M from users through fake claim sites, permit phishing, and malicious token airdrops. Learn how these scams work and how to verify legitimate airdrops using on-chain analysis.
Jul 17, 2026Token Unlocks Explained: How Vesting Schedules Move Markets and How to Track Them
Token unlocks release billions in previously locked tokens each year, creating predictable sell pressure and price volatility. Learn how vesting schedules work, why unlocks move prices, and how to track upcoming unlock events using on-chain data.
Jul 16, 2026DeFi Yield Farming Risks: How to Evaluate Opportunities Safely
Yield farming can generate 50%+ APY — or wipe out your entire deposit. Learn the six major risks of DeFi yield farming, how to evaluate protocols before depositing, and red flags that separate sustainable yields from traps.
Jul 16, 2026ERC-20 Token Security Check: A Developer's Guide to Auditing Any Token Contract
Learn how to audit ERC-20 token contracts for hidden risks — transfer restrictions, mint functions, proxy upgrades, allowance abuse, and event log manipulation. Includes code patterns for each attack vector.
Jul 16, 2026Is This Token a Scam? How to Check Any Crypto Token Before Buying
Before you buy any token, run this 6-step on-chain safety check. Source verification, liquidity locks, holder distribution, hidden mint functions, tax checks, and transaction history — all using free tools.
Jul 15, 2026How to Track Stolen Crypto: A Guide to Blockchain Forensics
Cryptocurrency theft is traceable because blockchains are public ledgers. Learn how blockchain forensics works, the tracing methods investigators use, how thieves try to hide with mixers and chain-hopping, and what to do if your crypto is stolen.
Jul 14, 2026AI-Powered Crypto Scams in 2026: How Artificial Intelligence Became the Top Attack Weapon
AI now writes phishing messages, clones websites, and generates deepfakes for crypto scams. Learn how AI-driven attacks work and how to protect yourself.
Jul 14, 2026DeFi Liquidation Cascades Explained: How Cascading Liquidations Trigger Market Crashes
Liquidation cascades occur when forced liquidations in DeFi lending protocols trigger a chain reaction of further liquidations, collapsing collateral values and amplifying price drops. Learn how liquidation mechanics work in Aave and Compound, why cascading liquidations caused the 2022 DeFi crisis, how to detect liquidation cascades on-chain, and how to protect your positions from cascading liquidation risk.
Jul 14, 2026Kelp DAO Hack Explained: How a 1-of-1 DVN Configuration Let Attackers Forge $292M in Fake rsETH
The largest DeFi hack of 2026: how attackers exploited Kelp DAO's LayerZero bridge configuration to mint $292M in unbacked rsETH in under an hour.
Jul 14, 2026NPM Supply Chain Attacks: How Compromised Packages Are Stealing Crypto Wallets in 2026
From Axios to Injective SDK, npm supply chain attacks are the fastest-growing threat to crypto developers. Here is how they work and how to defend your team.
Jul 13, 2026Slippage Attacks Explained: How MEV Bots Exploit Price Movement During Transaction Execution
Slippage attacks exploit the delay between when a user submits a transaction and when it executes on-chain. MEV bots monitor the mempool, front-run large trades, and manipulate token prices to extract value from unsuspecting traders. Learn how sandwich attacks work, why slippage tolerance settings matter, the Wormhole and Cream Finance incidents, and how to protect yourself when trading on decentralized exchanges.
Jul 12, 2026Proxy Contract Upgrade Attacks Explained: How Upgrade Patterns Became Attack Vectors
Proxy contract upgrade attacks exploit the separation between a proxy contract and its logic implementation — when an attacker gains control of the upgrade function, they can replace trusted logic with malicious code and drain every contract in the system. Learn how the Parity Wallet multi-sig freeze, the Wormhole initialization bug, and the Uranium Finance 72x bug worked — why delegatecall is dangerous, how storage slot collisions enable hidden exploits, and what the UUPS vs Transparent vs Beacon proxy patterns mean for security.
Jul 11, 2026Integer Overflow and Underflow Attacks Explained: How Math Bugs Broke Smart Contracts
Integer overflow and underflow attacks exploit how the EVM handles arithmetic — when a number exceeds its maximum or drops below zero, it wraps around silently. Attackers used this to mint quadrillions of tokens, bypass balance checks, and drain contracts. Learn how the BEC token incident, the SMT hack, and the Poolz exploit worked — why Solidity 0.8.0 changed everything with built-in overflow checks, and why some contracts are still vulnerable today.
Jul 10, 2026Bridge Attacks Explained: How Cross-Chain Bridges Became Crypto's Biggest Vulnerability
Cross-chain bridges move billions in value between blockchains — and attackers have stolen over $2.5 billion from them. Learn how bridge attacks work: validator key theft, fake deposit exploits, signature threshold manipulation, and the design flaws that make bridges the single most exploited category in Web3 security.
Jul 9, 2026Sybil Attacks Explained: How Fake Identities Undermine Decentralized Systems
A Sybil attack creates fake identities to gain disproportionate influence over a decentralized network. Learn how Sybil attacks target voting, airdrops, staking, and reputation systems — how bots, multi-wallet farming, and AI agents amplify the threat, and how networks fight back with proof-of-personhood, stake-based voting, and behavioral analysis.
Jul 8, 2026Access Control Attacks Explained: How Broken Permissions Let Attackers Drain Smart Contracts
Access control attacks exploit smart contracts with missing or incorrect permission checks — letting unauthorized users mint tokens, drain funds, or seize ownership. Learn how these attacks work, common vulnerability patterns like missing onlyOwner and tx.origin misuse, how to detect them, and how to protect your contracts.
Jul 7, 2026Front-Running Attacks Explained: How Predatory Traders Profit from Your Pending Transactions
A front-running attack exploits the transparency of the public mempool — attackers see your pending transaction, then submit their own with higher gas to get processed first. Learn how front-running works, how it differs from sandwich attacks, why it is so hard to eliminate, and how to protect yourself.
Jul 6, 2026Governance Attacks Explained: How Attackers Exploit DAO Voting to Steal Millions
A governance attack exploits weaknesses in a DAO's voting mechanism to pass malicious proposals — draining treasuries, minting tokens, or seizing control of protocol parameters. Learn the five main attack vectors: flash loan voting, delegation hijacking, proposal smuggling, parameter manipulation, and contract upgrade exploitation.
Jul 5, 2026Reentrancy Attacks Explained: The Smart Contract Vulnerability That Started It All
Reentrancy is the most famous smart contract vulnerability in blockchain history — the attack that drained The DAO in 2016 and nearly broke Ethereum. Learn how reentrancy works mechanically, why it is still dangerous today, the different attack patterns, and how the checks-effects-interactions pattern prevents it.
Jul 5, 2026Rug Pulls Explained: How Liquidity Pulls and Hidden Mint Functions Drain Your Wallet
A rug pull is when a crypto project's developers suddenly remove all liquidity from their token's trading pool or abandon the project after collecting investor funds. Learn the three main types of rug pulls — liquidity pulls, hidden mint functions, and sell restrictions — how they work mechanically, famous cases, and how to detect them before you buy.
Jul 4, 2026Flash Loan Attacks Explained: How Borrowed Billions Exploit DeFi
Flash loans let anyone borrow unlimited capital with zero collateral — as long as it's repaid in the same transaction. This unique DeFi primitive has become the weapon of choice for attackers. Learn how flash loan attacks work, why they're so dangerous, and how to identify protocols vulnerable to them.
Jul 4, 2026Sandwich Attacks Explained: How MEV Bots Front-Run and Back-Run Your Trades
Sandwich attacks are the most common MEV exploit on decentralized exchanges. An MEV bot watches your pending trade in the mempool, buys before you to push the price up, then sells immediately after — profiting from the price difference you created. Learn how sandwich attacks work mechanically, why slippage tolerance matters, and how to protect yourself.
Jul 3, 2026Oracle Manipulation Attacks in DeFi: How Price Feeds Get Exploited
Oracle manipulation is one of the most devastating attack vectors in DeFi — attackers use flash loans to warp price feeds, then exploit protocols that trust them. Learn how these attacks work, how to spot risky oracle setups, and what on-chain indicators to check before depositing.
Jul 2, 2026DeFi Protocol Red Flags: How to Spot Risky Protocols Before You Deposit
Not all DeFi protocols are safe. Learn the technical and economic red flags — unaudited contracts, suspicious tokenomics, liquidity traps, and governance risks — that signal a protocol may not be trustworthy.
Jul 1, 2026How to Avoid Crypto Phishing Scams: A Complete Defense Guide
Crypto phishing scams have stolen over $1 billion from wallet users. Learn how phishing sites, malicious approvals, and fake airdrops work — and how to protect your wallet with practical defenses.
Jun 30, 2026Address Poisoning Attacks: How They Work and How to Avoid Them
Address poisoning tricks users into sending funds to scammer-controlled addresses that look identical to their frequent contacts. Learn how the attack works, real examples, and how to protect yourself.
Jun 30, 2026How to Spot Wallet Drainers: A Field Guide to Malicious dApps
Wallet drainers steal millions by tricking users into signing malicious transactions. Learn to identify drainer sites, understand their techniques, and build habits that keep your assets safe.
Jun 29, 2026Cross-Chain Bridge Security: Understanding and Analyzing Bridge Risks
Blockchain bridges are the #1 target for hackers, with over $2.8 billion stolen. Learn how cross-chain bridges work, why they fail, and how to assess bridge security before trusting them with your assets.
Jun 27, 2026Token Approval Safety: How to Audit and Revoke Smart Contract Permissions
Every token approval grants a smart contract permission to move your tokens. Learn how token approvals work, why unlimited approvals are dangerous, and how to audit and revoke them before they're exploited.
Jun 26, 2026Address Risk Scoring: How to Read the Signs of a Dangerous Wallet
Learn how address risk scoring works — phishing associations, sanctions, money laundering links, and smart contract interactions. Spot dangerous wallets before you interact.
Jun 26, 2026How to Verify a Token Before Buying: A Complete On-Chain Safety Checklist
Before buying any token, run this on-chain safety checklist — contract source verification, liquidity locks, holder distribution, tax checks, and honeypot detection. Free tools included.
Jun 20, 2026How to Spot Rug Pulls and Honeypots On-Chain Before You Lose Money
Rug pulls and honeypots drain millions from crypto users every year. Learn the on-chain red flags — liquidity locks, contract permissions, token supply — that reveal scams before you invest.
Jun 10, 2026MEV Explained: Maximal Extractable Value and How It Affects Your Transactions
MEV is the hidden tax on every DeFi transaction. Learn how maximal extractable value works, who profits from it, and how to protect yourself from sandwich attacks and front-running.
Jun 3, 2026Building Your On-Chain Analysis Workflow: A Complete Tool Stack Guide
A step-by-step workflow for on-chain analysis — from beginner to practitioner. Covers tools, daily routines, alerting, and how to turn raw blockchain data into actionable insights.
May 20, 2026Stablecoin Depegging: What It Means and How to Spot the Signs On-Chain
When a stablecoin loses its peg, millions can vanish in minutes. Learn how depegging works, what causes it, and how to spot early warning signs using on-chain data.
May 15, 2026How to Analyze Token Distribution: Concentration, Whales, and Risk
Token distribution tells you who holds the power. Learn how to assess concentration, spot whale risk, and evaluate whether a token's supply is healthy or dangerous.
May 15, 2026Reading Smart Contract Events and Logs: A Practical Guide
Smart contract events and logs are the on-chain record of everything that happens in a DeFi protocol. Learn how to read, filter, and analyze them for on-chain analysis.
May 2, 2026Token Flow Analysis: Following the Money Trail on the Blockchain
Token flow analysis traces how tokens move between wallets, exchanges, and protocols over time. Learn the methodology, tools, and patterns that reveal what's really happening behind the scenes.
Apr 18, 2026Exchange Inflows & Outflows: What They Tell You About Market Sentiment
When tokens move to or from exchanges in large volumes, it signals market sentiment. Learn how to read exchange inflows and outflows as on-chain indicators.
Apr 5, 2026How to Track Whale Wallets: Free Tools and Methodology
Whale wallets move markets. Learn how to identify, label, and track large crypto holders using free tools — from finding smart money to setting up real-time alerts.
Mar 20, 2026On-Chain Indicators That Matter: MVRV, NVT, SOPR & More Explained
On-chain indicators like MVRV, NVT, SOPR, and the Puell Multiple help you assess whether a crypto asset is overvalued or undervalued. Learn what each metric means and how to use it.
Mar 8, 2026Wallet Labels: How to Identify Who Owns What on the Blockchain
Wallet labels help you identify exchange wallets, smart contracts, whales, and team addresses on block explorers. Learn how to read and use them for on-chain analysis.
Feb 22, 2026How to Read a Blockchain Explorer: Etherscan Step by Step
A block explorer is your primary window into the blockchain. Learn to read addresses, transactions, smart contracts, and event logs on Etherscan — explained for absolute beginners.
Feb 10, 2026What Is On-Chain Analysis? A Complete Beginner's Guide
On-chain analysis is the practice of reading blockchain data to understand market trends, track money flow, and identify risks. Here's everything you need to get started.
Jan 15, 2026Understanding Gas Fees: Why Transactions Cost What They Cost
A deep dive into how gas fees work on Ethereum and L2s, what factors drive prices, and how to minimize your costs.